Alexander Ran is a Principal Scientist of Software Architecture at Nokia Research Center, where he leads research projects, provides consulting, and conducts architectural assessments of products for Nokia Business Units. Alexander is a contributor to the first and second PLoP books. He served as program co-chair of the First Working IFIP Conference on Software Architecture and the First Software Product Lines Conference. He was an invited speaker at the International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE) and a keynote speaker on product families at the Symposium on Software Reusability.